The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, also known as Pop's Rebellion or Popay's Rebellion, was an uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mxico, larger than present-day New Mexico. The Pueblo Revolt killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. The Spaniards reconquered New Mexico twelve years later.

The Puebloans or Pueblo peoples, are Native Americans in the Southwestern United States who share common agricultural, material, and religious practices. Pueblo, which means "village" in Spanish, was a term originating with the Colonial Spanish, who used it to refer to the people's particular style of dwelling.

When Spaniards entered the area beginning in the 16th century founding Nuevo México, they came across complex, multi-story Pueblo villages built of adobe, stone and other local materials. New Mexico contains the most federally recognized Pueblo communities, but some Pueblo communities can be found in Arizona and Texas, mostly in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and along the Rio Grande and Colorado rivers and their tributaries.

There are currently 100 Pueblos that are still inhabited, among which Taos, San Ildefonso, Acoma, Zuni, and Hopi are the best-known. The term Anasazi is sometimes used to refer to ancestral Pueblo people but it is now largely minimized. Anasazi is a Navajo word that means Ancient Ones or Ancient Enemy, hence Pueblo peoples' rejection of it (see exonym).

Puebloans speak languages from four different language families, and each Pueblo is further divided culturally by kinship systems and agricultural practices, although all cultivate varieties of maize.

Pueblo nations have maintained much of their traditional cultures, which center around agricultural practices, a tight-knit community revolving around family clans and respect for tradition. Puebloans have been remarkably adept at preserving their culture and core religious beliefs, including developing a syncretic approach to Catholicism/Christianity. Exact numbers of Pueblo peoples are unknown but, in the 21st century, some 35,000 Pueblo are estimated to live in New Mexico and Arizona. These numbers do not reflect the much larger amount of Hispano mestizo or other affiliated individuals.