The Roman Republic (Italian: Repubblica Romana) was a short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's departure to Gaeta. The republic was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi. Together they formed a triumvirate, a reflection of a form of government in the ancient Roman Republic.
One of the major innovations the Republic hoped to achieve was enshrined in its constitution: Freedom of religion, with Pope Pius IX and his successors guaranteed the right to govern the Catholic Church. These religious freedoms were quite different from the situation under the preceding government, which allowed only Catholicism and Judaism to be practiced by its citizens. The Constitution of the Roman Republic was the first in the world to abolish capital punishment in its constitutional law.

1849Feb, 9
The new Roman Republic is declared.
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Events on 1849
- 13Feb
Franz Joseph I of Austria
The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei Șaguna hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania, Banat and Bukovina, which demands that the Romanian nation be recognized. - 29Mar
Punjab region
The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab. - 14Apr
Lajos Kossuth
Hungary declares itself independent of Austria with Lajos Kossuth as its leader. - 3Jul
Italian unification
The French enter Rome in order to restore Pope Pius IX to power. This would prove a major obstacle to Italian unification. - 17Sep
Harriet Tubman
American abolitionist Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery.