The Battle of Solferino (referred to in Italy as the Battle of Solferino and San Martino) on 24 June 1859 resulted in the victory of the allied French Army under Napoleon III and Piedmont-Sardinian Army under Victor Emmanuel II (together known as the Franco-Sardinian Alliance) against the Austrian Army under Emperor Franz Joseph I. It was the last major battle in world history where all the armies were under the personal command of their monarchs. Perhaps 300,000 soldiers fought in the important battle, the largest since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813. There were about 130,000 Austrian troops and a combined total of 140,000 French and allied Piedmontese troops. After the battle, the Austrian Emperor refrained from further direct command of the army.
The battle led the Swiss Jean-Henri Dunant to write his book, A Memory of Solferino. Although he did not witness the battle (his statement is contained in an "unpublished page" included in the 1939 English edition published by the American Red Cross), he toured the field following the battle and was greatly moved by what he saw. Horrified by the suffering of wounded soldiers left on the battlefield, Dunant set about a process that led to the Geneva Conventions and the establishment of the International Red Cross.
1859Jun, 24
Battle of Solferino (Battle of the Three Sovereigns): Sardinia and France defeat Austria in Solferino, northern Italy.
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Events on 1859
- 31May
Big Ben
The clock tower at the Houses of Parliament, which houses Big Ben, starts keeping time. - 30Jun
Niagara Falls
French acrobat Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope. - 8Jul
Union between Sweden and Norway
King Charles XV & IV accedes to the throne of Sweden-Norway. - 16Oct
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
John Brown leads a raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. - 24Nov
On the Origin of Species
Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species.