H Qu Ly (Hn t: , born 1336) ruled i Ngu (Vietnam) from 1400 to 1401 as the founder of the short-lived H dynasty. Qu Ly rose from a post as an official served the court of the ruling Trn dynasty and a military general fought against the Cham forces during the ChamVietnamese War (13671390). After his military defeat in the Ming Conquest of Dai Ngu (14061407), he and his son were captured as prisoners and were exiled to China, while the Dai Viet Empire became the thirteenth province of Ming Empire.

The Trần dynasty, also known as the House of Trần, was a Vietnamese dynasty that ruled over the Kingdom of Đại Việt from 1225 to 1400. The dynasty was founded when emperor Trần Thái Tông ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Lý dynasty. The Trần dynasty defeated three Mongol invasions, most notably in the decisive Battle of Bạch Đằng River in 1288. The final emperor of the dynasty was Thiếu Đế, who was forced to abdicate the throne at the age of five years in favor of his maternal grandfather, Hồ Quý Ly.

The Tran improved Chinese gunpowder, enabling them to expand southward to defeat and vassalize the Champa. They also started using paper money for the first time in Vietnam.The Tran period was considered a golden age in Vietnamese language, arts, and culture, with the first pieces of Chữ Nôm literature written during this period, and first-time introduction of the vernacular Vietnamese language into the court, alongside Chinese. This laid the foundation for the further development and solidifying of Vietnamese language and identity.